Seekriegsführung im russ. Ukraine-Krieg, Auswirkungen von ASM, Seedrohnen etc. Einstellungen

[Glorfindel]

Um anzufangen hier ein Artikel zu den ukr. Ãœberwasserdrohnen von H I Sutton:

Die maritimen Drohnen der Ukraine, kleine mit Sprengstoff beladenen Boote, haben einen überproportionalen Einfluss auf den Krieg im Schwarzen Meer.

Obwohl die Ukraine nicht die erste war, die solche Drohnen einsetzte, hat ihre Nutzung die maritime Welt überrascht und beschleunigt die unausweichliche Verbreitung bewaffneter unbemannter Seedrohnen (USVs) weltweit.

Infolgedessen hat Russland umfangreiche Verteidigungsmaßnahmen ergriffen, darunter physische Barrieren an Hafeneingängen, Montage von Maschinengewehre, den Einsatz von Seeüberwachungsflugzeugen im Zusammenspiel mit Helikoptern. Dennoch hat die Initiative im Moment die Ukraine.

Russland hat spezielle Einheiten mit Hubschraubern gebildet, um die USVs mit Raketen und Maschinengewehren zu bekämpfen. Es wurden auch Flugzeuge vom Typ Flanker (Bordkanone) eingesetzt, deren Effektivität jedoch unklar ist.

Hochwertige russische Schiffe werden jetzt im Schwarzen Meer eskortiert, und Konvois sind mehrfach von USVs angegriffen worden. In Reaktion darauf versucht Russland, verschiedene Verteidigungsstrategien zu entwickeln, darunter den Einsatz von FPV von Patrouillenbooten aus.

Trotz der Bemühungen Russlands beeinflussen die ukrainischen maritimen Drohnen weiterhin maßgeblich den Krieg im Schwarzen Meer und reduzieren die Fähigkeiten der russischen Marine. Die Initiative liegt weiterhin bei der Ukraine, während Russlands Verteidigungsmaßnahmen reaktiver Natur sind. Die nächsten Entwicklungen dürften also eher von der Ukraine als von Russland ausgehen.

Ich frage mich, was dies für die Ostsee zu bedeuten hat und ob dort im Konfliftfall, zumindest im östlichen Teil, Schiffe überhaupt noch gross eine Rolle spielen.

Ukraine’s maritime drones, small boats filled with explosives, are having a disproportionate influence on the war in the Black Sea. Earlier this month journalists were shown a secret base with at least 16 Magura V5 maritime drones, showing that more is to come.

(...) Yet while Ukraine wasn’t the first to use them, it is still a novel technology which took the naval world by surprise. The way Ukraine uses them is accelerating the inevitable rise of armed USVs worldwide. It certainly took the Russian Navy by surprise.

As a consequence Russia has built up a large array of specific defenses. (...)

The first, and most visible, defense has been the addition physical barriers across harbor entrances. These are likely moderately effective (...) and are combined with machine guns and warships on sentry duty for a robust defense. Sevastopol has received multiple layers of nets, floating booms and even a chain of barges. Other harbors also, and most recently the Kerch Bridge. The latter was only added after Ukraine successfully damaged it with an explosive laden USV on July 17 2023. (...)

They can be detected by Russia’s vintage Be-12 Mail flying boats which can then alert other aviation units. These have radar which was designed to find the periscope of a submarine (...) The flying boats will be used to alert helicopters which can fly out to engage the USVs.

Russia has formed dedicated units with Mi-8 Hip and Ka-27 Helix helicopters. These (...) engage the USVs with unguided rockets and machine guns.

Flanker fighter jets, (...) have also been used. (...) It is unclear how effective this is. (...)

Russian ships and shore facilities blast them with Electromagnetic noise to jam their communications. This appears moderately effective (...0

Russia’s high-value ships, such as the weapons transports Ursa Major and Sparta-IV and government connected tankers, are now escorted across the Black Sea. (...) These efforts are only partly effective.

These convoys have been targeted by USVs on several occasions, with the escorts facing the brunt of the attacks. (...)

One recent anti-USV counter is to use a small drone flown from a patrol boat. (...) It has been demonstrated (...) against a dumb target, but has yet to been reported in real operations. (...)

Russian boatbuilder KMZ also recently revealed their Dandelion (...). It is expected to be tested (...) most likely in the counter-USV role.

Ukraine’s maritime drones continue to have a disproportionate influence on the war in the Black Sea. They are shaping the Russian Navy’s ability to operate. How seriously Russia takes them is shown by the multitude of ways it is trying to destroy them. It continues to surprise many just how powerful the USVs have been. On paper, these small maritime drones shouldn’t have been as successful as they have.

Russia could have implemented some defenses much earlier, even before the first attacks. Yet these are the realities of war. What we have learned however is that Ukraine has maintained the initiative. Russian defenses are reactionary, so the next major development is more likely Ukrainian than Russian.

https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/1...e-in-black-sea/